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7 سوالات: ایم ڈی کیٹ حیاتیات، جوابات اور وضاحت کے ساتھ۔
Gram-positive bacteria appear which colour after Gram staining?
درست جواب: Purple or violet
Their thick peptidoglycan wall keeps the crystal violet stain, so they look purple. Gram-negative bacteria look pink.
Restriction enzymes are used to:
درست جواب: Cut DNA at specific sequences
Each restriction enzyme recognises a short DNA sequence and cuts there. Ligase is the enzyme that joins fragments.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:
درست جواب: Amplify a DNA sequence
PCR makes millions of copies of a chosen DNA segment by repeated heating and cooling cycles with a heat-stable polymerase.
Penicillin was discovered by:
درست جواب: Alexander Fleming
Fleming noticed in 1928 that a Penicillium mould killed bacteria on his culture plate.
A vaccine protects the body mainly by:
درست جواب: Stimulating immune memory
A vaccine shows the immune system a harmless form of the microbe, so memory cells form and respond fast to a real infection.
HIV mainly attacks which cells?
درست جواب: Helper T cells
HIV infects CD4 helper T cells, which coordinate the immune response, so immunity gradually fails.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used in genetic engineering to:
درست جواب: Transfer genes into plants
Its Ti plasmid can carry a chosen gene into plant cells, which is how many transgenic plants are made.