سبب، نتیجہ اور کمزور دلائل

Ice cream sales and the number of drownings both rise in summer. A speaker says, "So ice cream causes drowning." What is wrong with this argument?

• 1 Nothing is wrong with it
• 2 It mixes up a link with a cause, because hot weather explains both
• 3 Ice cream sales never rise in summer
• 4 Drowning is not a real event

"A number divisible by 4 is even. The number 10 is even. So 10 is divisible by 4." What is wrong with this argument?

• 1 The first statement is false
• 2 Being even does not mean being divisible by 4
• 3 10 is not an even number
• 4 Nothing is wrong

"No one has proved that ghosts do not exist, so ghosts exist." What is wrong with this argument?

• 1 It treats a lack of proof against something as proof for it
• 2 It uses too many words
• 3 Ghosts have been proved to exist
• 4 It is a valid argument

Fuel prices rise sharply across the country. Which is the most likely effect?

• 1 Transport costs rise
• 2 Transport costs fall
• 3 Fewer people need food
• 4 Schools close permanently

Most students who study for 3 hours a day pass the exam. Ayesha studies 3 hours a day. A friend says, "So she will certainly pass." What is wrong?

• 1 Studying never helps
• 2 It treats a likely result as a certain one
• 3 Ayesha does not study
• 4 Nothing is wrong

Many students became ill after eating at the school canteen. Which action is the most sensible first step?

• 1 Close all schools
• 2 Inspect the canteen food and kitchen
• 3 Ban all students from eating
• 4 Do nothing