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Atomic structure and the periodic table

8 MDCAT Chemistry questions with answers and explanations.

All questions with answers
  1. How many electrons does a chloride ion (Cl-) have? (Atomic number of chlorine is 17.)

    • 1 16
    • 2 17
    • 3 18
    • 4 19
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    Correct answer: 18

    A chlorine atom has 17 electrons. Gaining one electron to form Cl- gives 18.

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  2. Which element has the highest electronegativity?

    • 1 Oxygen
    • 2 Chlorine
    • 3 Nitrogen
    • 4 Fluorine
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    Correct answer: Fluorine

    Fluorine is the most electronegative element, with a value of about 4.0 on the Pauling scale.

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  3. The electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 belongs to:

    • 1 Sodium
    • 2 Magnesium
    • 3 Neon
    • 4 Aluminium
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    Correct answer: Magnesium

    The electrons add up to 12, which is the atomic number of magnesium.

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  4. Which quantum number describes the shape of an orbital?

    • 1 Principal quantum number (n)
    • 2 Azimuthal quantum number (l)
    • 3 Magnetic quantum number (m)
    • 4 Spin quantum number (s)
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    Correct answer: Azimuthal quantum number (l)

    The azimuthal quantum number l sets the shape: l = 0 is s, l = 1 is p, l = 2 is d.

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  5. Across a period from left to right, the atomic radius generally:

    • 1 Increases
    • 2 Decreases
    • 3 Stays the same
    • 4 First decreases, then doubles
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    Correct answer: Decreases

    The nuclear charge rises while electrons are added to the same shell, so the nucleus pulls the electrons in more strongly.

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  6. How many neutrons are in an atom of carbon-14? (Atomic number 6.)

    • 1 6
    • 2 14
    • 3 8
    • 4 7
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    Correct answer: 8

    Neutrons = mass number minus atomic number = 14 - 6 = 8.

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  7. The sodium ion (Na+) has the same electronic configuration as which noble gas?

    • 1 Helium
    • 2 Neon
    • 3 Argon
    • 4 Krypton
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    Correct answer: Neon

    Sodium has 11 electrons. Na+ has 10, the same as neon.

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  8. What is the maximum number of electrons that a 3d subshell can hold?

    • 1 2
    • 2 6
    • 3 10
    • 4 14
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    Correct answer: 10

    A d subshell has five orbitals and each holds two electrons, so the maximum is 10.

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